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From: Peter_22@gmx.de
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Subject: Re: SuSE 10.2 and LOADNATIONALKEYB=1
To: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
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Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net> wrote:
> Do you mean unable to knoppix mount loop-AES encrypted partitions using
> key
> file created under openSuSE?
Yes, exactly. The problem occurs when passphrase contains special characters.

> Boot CD-ROM mounts normally? Right?
Using a boot CD-ROM works with no problems if the us-keymap is used. Chars like y, z should be left out. Special characters may not be found or assigned to a different key.

> All parties involved, openSuSE X/console, knoppix, and key map in /boot
> partition or boot-to-encrypted-root CD-ROM, must agree on how passphrase
> characters are encoded. Otherwise it is not going to work.
Yes, I understand this and because of that I asked again. I fear the CDs prepared under openSuSE 10.2 will no longer be decryptable with other/upcoming versions of Linux distros. Such a disaster happend to me some years ago when PGPdisk changed something in its keymapping. Fortunately, the next version, 6 months later, solved the issue.

> What happens if you apply included build-initrd.sh patch, set
> UTF8KEYBMODE=1
> in config, and create new boot CD using that new build-initrd.sh script?

I didnīt know this patch and will try it. Iīm glad you answered to my questions at all. In case you know further measures please let me know.

> I see exactly same dumpkeys output from both X and console, even though
> console keyboard seems to be in ASCII mode and X keyboard in scancode
> mode.

Ok, I just thought it might be a good idea to post the dumped keymaps. I scrolled through these files but it didnīt reveal a conclusion to my mind.
So you would say both X-window/console keymaps are equal?
Iīm going to report what UTF8KEYBMODE=1 does to the build-initrd.sh. With your guidance Iīll certainly find a solution.

Kind regards,
Peter
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Hi,

I'm looking for users who tinkered with ecryptfs and want to share
their experience (pitfalls, tuning, scalability, install probs, etc).

I'm about to test it on ext3/plain partitions and ext3/loop-aes ones,
so why not join forces...

--=20
left blank, right bald

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From: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
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Hi


I wanted to use a whole HDD for loop-encryption.
To prevent some types of accidents i still wanted to put a Partition-Table on the HDD with a single whole-disk-spanning partition.

So i set the offset to 512 with "/dev/sd<x>" as the backing-store.
But Performace fell to a crawl (relativly speaking) realative to a non-offseted loop.

So i increased the offset by 512 for a few times in the hope that the phaenomenom is "curable".
And with an offset of 4096 performance was the same as without an offset.

As i have a IA32-System it appears to me that the offset has to be page-aligned, in case performance matters.
So i suggest to put a note about that in the README.


-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



From linux-crypto-bounce@nl.linux.org Wed Feb 07 18:51:07 2007
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Date: Wed, 07 Feb 2007 19:50:14 +0200
From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> So i set the offset to 512 with "/dev/sd<x>" as the backing-store. But
> Performace fell to a crawl (relativly speaking) realative to a
> non-offseted loop.
> 
> So i increased the offset by 512 for a few times in the hope that the
> phaenomenom is "curable". And with an offset of 4096 performance was the
> same as without an offset.
> 
> As i have a IA32-System it appears to me that the offset has to be
> page-aligned, in case performance matters. So i suggest to put a note
> about that in the README.

What kernel version are you using?
What loop implementation are you using?

Mainline loop driver uses page cache for both file backed and device backed
setups. Loop-AES version of loop driver uses page cache only for file backed
setups. Your description sounds like you are using mainline loop.

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



From linux-crypto-bounce@nl.linux.org Wed Feb 07 19:11:10 2007
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Message-ID: <f0d777610702071002q535afe37q5948436f11309791@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 7 Feb 2007 19:02:11 +0100
From: "Antonio Di Salvo" <disalvo.antonio@gmail.com>
To: linux-crypto <linux-crypto@nl.linux.org>
Subject: Secure overwrite of the ram memory
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Hi,
I'm looking for an app that can wipe the contents of my ram. I already
know smem from THC, but it "only" runs on the unused memory of the
host machine, while I need to overwrite the whole thing (more or
less).
Is it that there is any standalone software, like memtest86, that can
do what I ask? If not, can I use memtest86 to do the job?

Thanks in advance,
Antonio

PS: sorry for my English ;-P

-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



From linux-crypto-bounce@nl.linux.org Wed Feb 07 19:47:34 2007
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> So i set the offset to 512 with "/dev/sd<x>" as the backing-store. But
>> Performace fell to a crawl (relativly speaking) realative to a
>> non-offseted loop.
>>
>> So i increased the offset by 512 for a few times in the hope that the
>> phaenomenom is "curable". And with an offset of 4096 performance was the
>> same as without an offset.
>>
>> As i have a IA32-System it appears to me that the offset has to be
>> page-aligned, in case performance matters. So i suggest to put a note
>> about that in the README.
> 
> What kernel version are you using?

2.6.19, vanilla, self-compiled (But later this day it will be 2.6.20)

> What loop implementation are you using?

loop-aes 3.1e
(I'm a loop-aes user for 3-4 years)

> Mainline loop driver uses page cache for both file backed and device backed
> setups. Loop-AES version of loop driver uses page cache only for file backed
> setups. Your description sounds like you are using mainline loop.

I case numbers matter.

CORE2 Duo E6700, 2GB DDR2-800 RAM
(Or about the fastest "not extreme" system currently available)

"RAW" AES128-v3 throughput this system can reach is about 100MB/s (using
a single thread of aespipe)

- snip -
time (dd if=/dev/zero bs=20480 count=52428 | aespipe -e aes128 -p3 3< <(
gpg < key.gpg ) > /dev/null)
52428+0 records in
52428+0 records out
1073725440 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 10.9219 seconds, 98.3 MB/s

real    0m10.924s
user    0m7.977s
sys     0m0.657s
- snip -
(Currently my system is working, numbers are a little bit better with 0
load)

HDD is a 500GB Seagate/PATA, connected to a onboard jmicron
PATA-Controller(apears to be a PCIe device) and driven by the matching
libata driver. The HDD delivers a linear throughput of about 70-73MB/s,
which doesn't decrease much when i put a aes128-v3-loop over it, and
which uses about 1/2 of the available CPU-ressources

gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb

The same loop, with the "not good" offsets of 512-3584, decreases the
throughput to a craw of 5-20MB/s (don't have exact numbers anymore and
currently my system is working, so i can't retest)

With an offset of 4096 everything is good(tm) again.
gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 -o 4096 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb





Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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Date: Wed, 07 Feb 2007 23:02:06 +0200
From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: README losetup/mount-Parameter "offset" needs another note
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> HDD is a 500GB Seagate/PATA, connected to a onboard jmicron
> PATA-Controller(apears to be a PCIe device) and driven by the matching
> libata driver. The HDD delivers a linear throughput of about 70-73MB/s,
> which doesn't decrease much when i put a aes128-v3-loop over it, and
> which uses about 1/2 of the available CPU-ressources
> 
> gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb
> 
> The same loop, with the "not good" offsets of 512-3584, decreases the
> throughput to a craw of 5-20MB/s (don't have exact numbers anymore and
> currently my system is working, so i can't retest)
> 
> With an offset of 4096 everything is good(tm) again.
> gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 -o 4096 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb

Did you test it through a file system or direct to loop device?

Direct to loop device test has disadvantage of possibly un-optimal default
soft block size. If loop device size is not multiple of page size, then
smaller than page size soft block size default is set at losetup time. This
may affect performance when loop device is read/written directly. File
system mount of course sets better soft block size and bangs the device
using more optimally sized reguests. Using offset=512 shrinks loop device
size. What does "blockdev --getsize /dev/loop4" command output now (using
4096 byte offset)?

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> HDD is a 500GB Seagate/PATA, connected to a onboard jmicron
>> PATA-Controller(apears to be a PCIe device) and driven by the matching
>> libata driver. The HDD delivers a linear throughput of about 70-73MB/s,
>> which doesn't decrease much when i put a aes128-v3-loop over it, and
>> which uses about 1/2 of the available CPU-ressources
>>
>> gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb
>>
>> The same loop, with the "not good" offsets of 512-3584, decreases the
>> throughput to a craw of 5-20MB/s (don't have exact numbers anymore and
>> currently my system is working, so i can't retest)
>>
>> With an offset of 4096 everything is good(tm) again.
>> gpg < key.gpg | losetup -e aes128 -p 0 -o 4096 /dev/loop4 /dev/sdb
> 
> Did you test it through a file system or direct to loop device?

I discovered the slow performance while "initializing" the loop with
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/loop<x>
(Currently i'm not sure if i also used a bs=<whatever>, maybe not)

So direct to loop it is.
I haven't tested putting a filesystem on the loop, at that point i just
wanted a completely zeroed loop (so i had a seemingly "random"
backing-store).

So it appears that only a note about "direct" use of loop may be
suboptimal for offseted loops. E.g. when you "zero" over the loop (which
is definetly IO or CPU-bould) instead of "randomizing" over the loop or
directly to the backing store.
(Random-performance wasn't great AFAIR, so i settled with zeroing over
the loop. Which i think is "good enough", given that a) it's v3 (65th
key alone should prevent "detecting" zero blocks when next to no
knowledge exists about the plain-text) and b) i use a different key for
each loop (see below))

> Direct to loop device test has disadvantage of possibly un-optimal default
> soft block size. If loop device size is not multiple of page size, then
> smaller than page size soft block size default is set at losetup time. This
> may affect performance when loop device is read/written directly. File
> system mount of course sets better soft block size and bangs the device
> using more optimally sized reguests. Using offset=512 shrinks loop device
> size. What does "blockdev --getsize /dev/loop4" command output now (using
> 4096 byte offset)?

I think the total capacity is quite irrelevant for this case, it's the
expected HDD size minus 8 Blocks?
blockdev --getsize /dev/loop2
976773160
vs.
blockdev --getsize /dev/sdb
976773168
(Loop-No. changed because 1) i just used 4 and b) i automount just about
everything.(*))

So guess we can settle the case and i will just have to live with 143,50
KB (or .00000127 percent of total capacity) of "lost" space due to
assuming a poorly performing "direct to loop" would also lead to a
poorly performing "filesystem over loop".




*:
I put the "name" of the HDD at 0x1b8 of the MBR, which is documented as
"could be used for a 4 byte 'ID'" (Another reason why i wanted to spare
the MBR, so i could place a marker somewhere in it)
Naming schema i use is xm and 2 digits.

Placing the marker works like this:
echo "xm01" | dd bs=1 count=4 seek=440 conv=notrunc of=/dev/sd<x>

Then i wrote a little shell script that extract the marked and outputs a
udev-complying string:
- snip -
if [ "$1" != "" ]; then
  label=`dd if="$1" bs=1 count=4 skip=440 status=noxfer 2>/dev/null`
  echo "$label" | grep ^xm &>/dev/null && echo "ID_XM=$label"
fi
- snip -

With a matching udev-rule:
- snip -
# Check for xm-disc
KERNEL=="sd*[!0-9]", \
        IMPORT{program}="/usr/local/bin/my/xm_id.sh $tempnode"
ENV{ID_XM}=="xm[0-9][0-9]", \
        SYMLINK+="disk/by-xm/$ENV{ID_XM}"
- snip -
Which means a symlink like "xm01" is registered for each HDD where a
marker is found into the directory "/dev/disk/by-xm/", which points to
the /dev/sd<x>-device it gets when it is connected. (In my case mostly
USB2.0, but i will move to (e)SATA in the future. Now that hotplugging
SATA actually works and (e)SATA has way better performance)

And, at last, with an also matching automount-entry (1 line!):
xm01 -fstype=xfs,noatime,encryption=aes128,offset=4096,gpgkey=xm01.gpg
:/dev/disk/by-xm/xm01

I have all the "magic" in place it needs to automount the encrypted HDDs
despite them being encrypted. Before encryption i i just used LABELd or
UUIDed filesystems, but encryption prevents that, especially when you
use different keys for different loops.

(My current statistics are: 41 HDDs with a 10,5 TiB total capacity and 9
TiB used. Currently being converted from unencrypted to encrypted, which
will probably take as long as sometime next month, averaging somewhere
over a day per HDD.)



Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


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Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: README losetup/mount-Parameter "offset" needs another note
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> I discovered the slow performance while "initializing" the loop with
> dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/loop<x>
> (Currently i'm not sure if i also used a bs=<whatever>, maybe not)

When block device is accessed directly, kernel splits I/O to soft block size
chunks. 'dd bs=<whatever>' is just for user space dd program, and does not
affect what slitting happens in kernel.

> I think the total capacity is quite irrelevant for this case, it's the
> expected HDD size minus 8 Blocks?
> blockdev --getsize /dev/loop2
> 976773160

(976773160 * 512) % 4096 == 0

> blockdev --getsize /dev/sdb
> 976773168

(976773168 * 512) % 4096 == 0

Both device sizes are integer multiples of 4096 bytes. When you shrink the
the device size by non-4096 byte amount, that is no longer true. 976773160
and 976773168 sector size devices can be fully accessed using 4096 soft
block size. It is the default smaller soft block size that causes the
slowdown.

> performing "direct to loop" would also lead to a poorly performing
> "filesystem over loop".

Nope.

If you test it using a file system, then file system mount of course sets
better soft block size and bangs the device using more optimally sized
reguests.

# losetup -e AES128 -K gpgkey3.asc /dev/loop0 /dev/hdd9
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop0
512

(partition backed inherits 512 byte soft block size)

# mount -t ext2 /dev/loop0 /mnt
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop0
4096

(but mount sets it to 4096 bytes, as it should)

# umount /mnt
# losetup -d /dev/loop0
# mount -t ext2 /dev/hdd9 /mnt \
> -o loop=/dev/loop2,encryption=AES128,gpgkey=gpgkey3.asc
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop2
4096

(4096 byte soft block size after mount, ok here too)

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: README losetup/mount-Parameter "offset" needs another note
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Both device sizes are integer multiples of 4096 bytes. When you shrink the
> the device size by non-4096 byte amount, that is no longer true. 976773160
> and 976773168 sector size devices can be fully accessed using 4096 soft
> block size. It is the default smaller soft block size that causes the
> slowdown.

Just to clarify this: Default soft block size is set to such value that full
device can be accessed using X amount of such soft block size chunks. File
system mount knows that it won't access any less-than-block-size leftovers
at the end of the device, so it can set to more sane value.

In following examples, /dev/hdd2, /dev/loop3 and /dev/loop6 sizes are
interger multiple of 4096 bytes, and as such, can be fully accessed using
4096 byte soft block size. /dev/hdd9, /dev/loop4 and /dev/loop5 are not, and
are accessed using 512 byte soft block size. Prior to mount, that is.
Meaning that any mkfs, fsck, and other direct access will not perform as
fast and efficiently as for /dev/hdd2, /dev/loop3 and /dev/loop6. After
mount, /dev/hdd2 and /dev/hdd9 should perform identically, as should
/dev/loop3, /dev/loop4, /dev/loop5 and /dev/loop6.

# blockdev --getsize /dev/hdd2
102816

(device size is integer multiple of 4096 bytes)

# losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc /dev/loop3 /dev/hdd2
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop3
4096

(default soft block size is 4096 bytes)

# losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc -o 512 /dev/loop5 /dev/hdd2
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop5
512

(default soft block size is *LESS THAN* 4096 bytes)

# blockdev --getsize /dev/hdd9
102753

(device size is *NOT* integer multiple of 4096 bytes)

# losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc /dev/loop4 /dev/hdd9
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop4
512

(default soft block size is *LESS THAN* 4096 bytes)

# losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc -o 512 /dev/loop6 /dev/hdd9
Password:
# blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop6
4096

(default soft block size is 4096 bytes)

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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Subject: Re: Secure overwrite of the ram memory
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> I'm looking for an app that can wipe the contents of my ram. 

That's called the off switch.

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Subject: Re: README losetup/mount-Parameter "offset" needs another note
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Jari Ruusu wrote:
>> Both device sizes are integer multiples of 4096 bytes. When you shrink the
>> the device size by non-4096 byte amount, that is no longer true. 976773160
>> and 976773168 sector size devices can be fully accessed using 4096 soft
>> block size. It is the default smaller soft block size that causes the
>> slowdown.
> 
> Just to clarify this: Default soft block size is set to such value that full
> device can be accessed using X amount of such soft block size chunks. File
> system mount knows that it won't access any less-than-block-size leftovers
> at the end of the device, so it can set to more sane value.
> 
> In following examples, /dev/hdd2, /dev/loop3 and /dev/loop6 sizes are
> interger multiple of 4096 bytes, and as such, can be fully accessed using
> 4096 byte soft block size. /dev/hdd9, /dev/loop4 and /dev/loop5 are not, and
> are accessed using 512 byte soft block size. Prior to mount, that is.
> Meaning that any mkfs, fsck, and other direct access will not perform as
> fast and efficiently as for /dev/hdd2, /dev/loop3 and /dev/loop6. After
> mount, /dev/hdd2 and /dev/hdd9 should perform identically, as should
> /dev/loop3, /dev/loop4, /dev/loop5 and /dev/loop6.
> 
> # blockdev --getsize /dev/hdd2
> 102816
> 
> (device size is integer multiple of 4096 bytes)
> 
> # losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc /dev/loop3 /dev/hdd2
> Password:
> # blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop3
> 4096
> 
> (default soft block size is 4096 bytes)
> 
> # losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc -o 512 /dev/loop5 /dev/hdd2
> Password:
> # blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop5
> 512
> 
> (default soft block size is *LESS THAN* 4096 bytes)
> 
> # blockdev --getsize /dev/hdd9
> 102753
> 
> (device size is *NOT* integer multiple of 4096 bytes)
> 
> # losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc /dev/loop4 /dev/hdd9
> Password:
> # blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop4
> 512
> 
> (default soft block size is *LESS THAN* 4096 bytes)
> 
> # losetup -e AES128 -K loop-AES/gpgkey3.asc -o 512 /dev/loop6 /dev/hdd9
> Password:
> # blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop6
> 4096
> 
> (default soft block size is 4096 bytes)

Thanks for the explanation.
So i will through in a little Perl-Script, that makes sure that the "raw" loop (before it has a filesystem) has a soft-block-size of 4096, so that i won't have performance-problems when i work
directly with a/the loop. (I can life with the few KB of lost space, i still have a great gain of several MB(*) because i don't have the partition-alignment "problem")

But i still think that a little "note" about that is appropriate for the README, so that other won't fall into the same tarpit as i. :-)
It's good that YOU know all that, but others don't know that.
Especially as this topic isn't on the radar of, i'd guess, 99% of people.



*:
For the 200GB drives that i currently convert i have a net gain in capacity of about 100MB.
One part "partition alignment" and one part "Smaller log-size of the recreated XFS filesystem".
If i didn't misscalculate the total loss of capacity is about 5MB due to various overheads, mostly the filesystem itself.
I think i can live with that. :-)


-- 
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On Thu, Feb 08, 2007 at 02:00:07AM +0100, Nomen Nescio wrote:
> > I'm looking for an app that can wipe the contents of my ram.=20
>=20
> That's called the off switch.

Not quite. It's possible to get meaningful data out of RAM chips _after_
you power your computer off. Granted, you probably need pricey special
equipment, but it's possible.

I read a paper where such experiments were conducted a while ago, but I
can't find an URL to it right now...


Uwe.
--=20
http://www.hermann-uwe.de  | http://www.holsham-traders.de
http://www.crazy-hacks.org | http://www.unmaintained-free-software.org

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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: README losetup/mount-Parameter "offset" needs another note
References: <45C9F715.5030006@citd.de> <45CA1156.A1625246@users.sourceforge.net> <45CA1E83.4020105@citd.de> <45CA3E4E.DC1DE094@users.sourceforge.net> <45CA4D44.6040000@citd.de> <45CA59A8.9677D9C@users.sourceforge.net> <45CA69D0.4B8F99D9@users.sourceforge.net> <45CAF544.2000308@citd.de>
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> But i still think that a little "note" about that is appropriate for the
> README, so that other won't fall into the same tarpit as i. :-)

Following text will be in next version of loop-AES README "Performance
tuning" section:



Soft block size of loop device has negative effect on efficiency and
performance if that soft block size is too small. On recent kernels, default
soft block size is set to such value that full device can be accessed using
X amount of such soft block size chunks. If device size is integer multiple
of processor page size, then default soft block size will also be processor
page size. Some older kernels inherit default soft block size from backing
device.

Mounting a file system on top of loop device sets loop device's soft block
size to same as block size of that mounted file system, so none of this soft
block size optimization affects mounted file system performance. But too
small soft block size may affect unmounted loop device performance.
Unmounting a file system may set loop device's soft block size back to
default value (this depends on kernel version).

Since unmounted loop device is not usually used for anything other than
occasional fsck, this reduced efficiency and performance is not necessarily
a problem. However, if you insist on getting maximum performance from fsck
and other direct to loop device usage, then (1) you can use backing disk
partition whose size is integer multiple of 4096 bytes, or (2) you can limit
size of loop device to integer multiple of 4096 bytes, or (3) you can set
loop device's soft block size manually to 4096 bytes. Option (3) doesn't
work on all kernels because many kernels seem to revert to default soft
block size when device is not mounted and no process is holding open file
descriptor on it.

This command shows size of device in 512 byte units:

    blockdev --getsize /dev/loop0

This command shows soft block size of device in byte units:

    blockdev --getbsz /dev/loop0

This command sets soft block size of device:

    blockdev --setbsz 4096 /dev/loop0
    
In this example, backing device size is 20012106240 bytes (39086145 * 512).
Loop device size is rounded down to integer multiple of 4096 bytes,
20012105728 bytes:

    blockdev --getsize /dev/hda666
    39086145
    losetup -e AES128 -K foo.gpg -s 20012105728 /dev/loop0 /dev/hda666
                                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
You can also add sizelimit=20012105728 mount option /etc/fstab file. Mount
won't benefit much from it because file system mount sets soft block size to
desired value anyway, but "losetup -F /dev/loop0" reads and uses that option
from /etc/fstab file. losetup -s and sizelimit mount option do not work with
2.2 and older kernels.


-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> But i still think that a little "note" about that is appropriate for the
>> README, so that other won't fall into the same tarpit as i. :-)
> 
> Following text will be in next version of loop-AES README "Performance
> tuning" section:
> [deleted]

Great. I now know why i fell into this tar pit and you MAY have saved
others from falling into the same. :-)


Btw. "Performance tuning".
You already changed the last paragraph of the (current) chapter?
Current 2.6 kernels contain another IO-scheduler and made it default in
2.6.18: CFQ.





Bis denn

-- 
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* Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de> wrote:

> Btw. "Performance tuning". You already changed the last paragraph
> of the (current) chapter? Current 2.6 kernels contain another
> IO-scheduler and made it default in 2.6.18: CFQ.

I hate this scheduler tuning thing / choose from 3 more-or-less evils
=2E.. back in 2.6.7 my world was still in place -- best performing kernel
ever.

I still use Anticipatory as default (yes, with preemptible kernel...)

Still, the last 2.6 kernel I had no trouble with was .16 but I can't
use that branch cos of too modern hardware -- what a hassle.


--=20
left blank, right bald

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From: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
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Hi


When i use a key-file that is only 'gpg --store -a', for e.x. because
the key-file is stored inside an encrypted filesystem that is currently
mounted, mount still asks for a Password where anything can be typed.

What makes this not beautiful is that it can only be short-circuited
with -p <whatever>. But that doesn't fly with autofs map-type rule. You
can only provide "-o <whatever>" options that are passed down to mount.
Naturally redirecting stderr isn't possible either.
The mount succeeds, because nothing can be read from STDIN as i guess
there is no STDIN, so the mount continues.
But every time an encrypted automount happens i get an ugly
... automount[1441]: >> Password:
line in syslog.

an example of a map-type rule (stripped down to into 72 chars):
test -fstype=xfs,encryption=aes128,gpgkey=/tmp/key.gpg :/dev/sda4

So i tested a bit. With:
gpg --passphrase '' &>/dev/null < key.gpg
and a look at the errorlevel it can tested if a key can be decrypted
without a passphrase.

So my feature-wish would be:
Test if a key can be decrypted without a password and don't ask for one
if none is need
and/or
add a another parameter to losetup and a "-o"-type option for mount, so
that it can be explicitly specified that a key is only stored






Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


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Date: Thu, 15 Feb 2007 17:37:09 +0200
From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
References: <45D2425E.2060909@citd.de>
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> When i use a key-file that is only 'gpg --store -a', for e.x. because
> the key-file is stored inside an encrypted filesystem that is currently
> mounted, mount still asks for a Password where anything can be typed.

I hope that for security reasons you are using a different key file for each
automounted file system. If you are mounting removable media, then encrypted
key file must be stored on same media. Passphrase-less key file on same
media won't provide any security.
 
> What makes this not beautiful is that it can only be short-circuited
> with -p <whatever>. But that doesn't fly with autofs map-type rule. You
> can only provide "-o <whatever>" options that are passed down to mount.
> Naturally redirecting stderr isn't possible either.

I don't know what automounter implementation you are using, but BSD amd
automounter that I am using lets admin configure a program or script to do
the actual mount operation.

> The mount succeeds, because nothing can be read from STDIN as i guess
> there is no STDIN, so the mount continues.
> But every time an encrypted automount happens i get an ugly
> ... automount[1441]: >> Password:
> line in syslog.

I don't see such messages on my box.

Below are some config lines from my test box that I set up to automount
encrypted floppy. First 8192 bytes of each floppy is used to store gpg
encrypted key file. Here is mount point definition in /etc/am-utils/amd.conf
file:

[/a]
  map_name = /etc/am-utils/amd.a
  
Here is map entry in /etc/am-utils/amd.a file:

fd0-crypt   type:=program;fs:=/floppy;mount:="/etc/am-utils/cryptmount.sh /etc/am-utils/cryptmount.sh ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy /dev/loop0";unmount:="/bin/umount umount /floppy"

Here is root-only executable shell script in /etc/am-utils/cryptmount.sh file:

#!/bin/sh
/bin/mount -t $1 $2 $3 -o encryption=AES128,gpgkey=$2,offset=8192,loop=$4 -p3 3</tmp/clearpassword

Here is a script that I used to create encrypted floppy:

#!/bin/bash
DEV=/dev/fd0
LOOP=/dev/loop7
set -v
set -e
yes "" | dd of=${DEV} bs=512 count=16 conv=notrunc
head -c 2925 /dev/random | uuencode -m - | head -n 66 | tail -n 65 \
  | gpg --symmetric -a --no-comments --no-emit-version | dd of=${DEV} conv=notrunc
head -c 15 /dev/urandom | uuencode -m - | head -n 2 | tail -n 1 \
  | losetup -p 0 -e AES128 -o 8192 ${LOOP} ${DEV}
dd if=/dev/zero of=${LOOP} bs=4k conv=notrunc || true
sync
losetup -d ${LOOP}
losetup -e AES128 -K ${DEV} -o 8192 ${LOOP} ${DEV}
mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 -O none ${LOOP}
losetup -d ${LOOP}

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> When i use a key-file that is only 'gpg --store -a', for e.x. because
>> the key-file is stored inside an encrypted filesystem that is currently
>> mounted, mount still asks for a Password where anything can be typed.
> 
> I hope that for security reasons you are using a different key file for each
> automounted file system. If you are mounting removable media, then encrypted
> key file must be stored on same media. Passphrase-less key file on same
> media won't provide any security.

If i'm not mistaken i said exactly that.

Every HDD has a separate key-file and the container with the key-files
is on another partition and the key-file from the container is encrypted.

>> What makes this not beautiful is that it can only be short-circuited
>> with -p <whatever>. But that doesn't fly with autofs map-type rule. You
>> can only provide "-o <whatever>" options that are passed down to mount.
>> Naturally redirecting stderr isn't possible either.
> 
> I don't know what automounter implementation you are using, but BSD amd
> automounter that I am using lets admin configure a program or script to do
> the actual mount operation.

autofs(v4) that is included in Linux since i don't know how long.

As to the topic of using another mount command, i could use a
"program"-type map. But as the line in Syslog is the only annoying
thing, with the "map"-type, it's a bit of an overkill.

I could also skip autofs completely and just use udev to start a mount
after the HDD is connected. But i like the "auto umount"-Part of autofs,
so that i can just disconnect the HDD, if enough time had passed since
usage.

>> The mount succeeds, because nothing can be read from STDIN as i guess
>> there is no STDIN, so the mount continues.
>> But every time an encrypted automount happens i get an ugly
>> ... automount[1441]: >> Password:
>> line in syslog.
> 
> I don't see such messages on my box.

Do you get the password-question on the commandline with an unencrypted
key-file (with Linux)?

If not, then the loop-aes-utils package from Debian-SID contains the bug.




Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> autofs(v4) that is included in Linux since i don't know how long.

Here are my kernel config entries:

# CONFIG_AUTOFS_FS is not set
# CONFIG_AUTOFS4_FS is not set

I'm not using autofs

> I could also skip autofs completely and just use udev to start a mount
> after the HDD is connected. But i like the "auto umount"-Part of autofs,
> so that i can just disconnect the HDD, if enough time had passed since
> usage.

BSD amd does auto unmount. For removable devices I use 10 second unmount
delay. Zero problems with BSD amd so far. I have used it for many years to
mount removable unencrypted devices like floppies, CD-ROMs, and USB-sticks.
Little window shows me what automounted devices are currently mounted. I
take a look at that window before I yank a removable automounted device.

> Do you get the password-question on the commandline with an unencrypted
> key-file (with Linux)?

Nope. I tested it using encrypted key files that were stored at beginning of
each floppy. Passphrase to decrypt each per floppy key file was read from
encrypted file system using "mount ... -p3 3<clearpassword" inside a script
that amd runs when it wants a file system mounted.

> If not, then the loop-aes-utils package from Debian-SID contains the bug.

Nope. mount -p3 makes password-question go away.

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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From: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
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Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> Do you get the password-question on the commandline with an unencrypted
>> key-file (with Linux)?
> 
> Nope. I tested it using encrypted key files that were stored at beginning of
> each floppy. Passphrase to decrypt each per floppy key file was read from
> encrypted file system using "mount ... -p3 3<clearpassword" inside a script
> that amd runs when it wants a file system mounted.
> 
>> If not, then the loop-aes-utils package from Debian-SID contains the bug.
> 
> Nope. mount -p3 makes password-question go away.

If you had read the first mail you should know that i know how to short
circuit the question at the commandline.

But that doesn't mean that that isn't a WORKAROUND for something that
should happen in the first place.




Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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* Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de> wrote:

> But that doesn't mean that that isn't a WORKAROUND for something
> that should happen in the first place.

=2E..

Maybe you are just asking for one more -o keyword without realising
it.

'key=3D<file>' which expects a plain keyfile, just like 'gpgkey=3D<file>'
expects a .gpg

Would be my choice instead of messing around with .gpg handling. It
just doesn't make any sense at all to have a passwordless .gpg ---
Thinking along these lines... Imagine some plain text embedded into a
word document and trying to tune a converter to get your hands on the
text instead of using a plain textfile in the first place.

--=20
left blank, right bald

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markus reichelt wrote:
> * Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de> wrote:
> 
>> But that doesn't mean that that isn't a WORKAROUND for something
>> that should happen in the first place.
> 
> ...
> 
> Maybe you are just asking for one more -o keyword without realising
> it.
> 
> 'key=<file>' which expects a plain keyfile, just like 'gpgkey=<file>'
> expects a .gpg
> 
> Would be my choice instead of messing around with .gpg handling. It
> just doesn't make any sense at all to have a passwordless .gpg ---
> Thinking along these lines... Imagine some plain text embedded into a
> word document and trying to tune a converter to get your hands on the
> text instead of using a plain textfile in the first place.

That would also be a solution for my problem.




Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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markus reichelt wrote:
> * Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de> wrote:
> 
>> But that doesn't mean that that isn't a WORKAROUND for something
>> that should happen in the first place.
> 
> ...
> 
> Maybe you are just asking for one more -o keyword without realising
> it.
> 
> 'key=<file>' which expects a plain keyfile, just like 'gpgkey=<file>'
> expects a .gpg
> 
> Would be my choice instead of messing around with .gpg handling. It
> just doesn't make any sense at all to have a passwordless .gpg ---
> Thinking along these lines... Imagine some plain text embedded into a
> word document and trying to tune a converter to get your hands on the
> text instead of using a plain textfile in the first place.

Or another alternative: a option "keycommand=<..>" to execute print the
key to its stdout.

But the tricky think here would be how to pass the necessary information
to the keycommand so that it can decide on which key to pass on.




Bis denn

-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


-
Linux-crypto:  cryptography in and on the Linux system
Archive:       http://mail.nl.linux.org/linux-crypto/



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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
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Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
> Or another alternative: a option "keycommand=<..>" to execute print the
> key to its stdout.
> 
> But the tricky think here would be how to pass the necessary information
> to the keycommand so that it can decide on which key to pass on.

Both losetup and mount can read full 65 line unencrypted key data using -p
command line parameter. That feature can not be enabled using mount option,
and when you think about it, it makes more sense that way.

This problem can be summarized as: You don't want to configure your
automounter to pass -p command line parameter to mount. The fix is:
Reconfigure your automounter. Problem solved.

-- 
Jari Ruusu  1024R/3A220F51 5B 4B F9 BB D3 3F 52 E9  DB 1D EB E3 24 0E A9 DD

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Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
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Jari Ruusu wrote:
> Matthias Schniedermeyer wrote:
>> Or another alternative: a option "keycommand=<..>" to execute print the
>> key to its stdout.
>>
>> But the tricky think here would be how to pass the necessary information
>> to the keycommand so that it can decide on which key to pass on.
> 
> Both losetup and mount can read full 65 line unencrypted key data using -p
> command line parameter. That feature can not be enabled using mount option,
> and when you think about it, it makes more sense that way.

Ask 10 people and you get at least 11 options about makes sense and what not, regardless of topic.

Having script calling mount doesn't make more sense than mount calling script

X -> Y vs. Y -> X

As i said, the only 'tricky' part in the later case is passing over the parameters so the script can decide what to do.
In the script calls mount-case the parameter passing is mostly solved in some other way, but still the script has to have some way to 'know' what it must do.

To make things short. I don't share the opinion that is makes 'more sense'.

> This problem can be summarized as: You don't want to configure your
> automounter to pass -p command line parameter to mount. The fix is:
> Reconfigure your automounter. Problem solved.

No. In the used configuration the automounter just only supports passing "-o"-options.
AND in a configuration where the automounter would support it, i would lose the 'ghosting' feature where all possible mount-point are shown, regardless if they currently are mounted or not.
I'm a commandline-person and i would loose TAB-completition, which i dislike like hell.
So it's choosing the lesser evil, which currently having to live with stupid lines in Syslog.

And i don't see why that should be changed to WORKAROUND a dumb: 'always ask for password, regardless if it is needed or not'.




-- 
Real Programmers consider "what you see is what you get" to be just as
bad a concept in Text Editors as it is in women. No, the Real Programmer
wants a "you asked for it, you got it" text editor -- complicated,
cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.


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From: Jari Ruusu <jariruusu@users.sourceforge.net>
To: Matthias Schniedermeyer <ms@citd.de>
Cc: linux-crypto@nl.linux.org
Subject: Re: Loop-AES: Question for Password when none is needed
References: <45D2425E.2060909@citd.de> <45D47E25.47549FDB@users.sourceforge.net> <45D49374.9080600@citd.de> <45D4A36A.C7E73D1F@users.sourceforge.net> <45D4A9F9.9000802@citd.de> <20070215193136.GE3552@tatooine.rebelbase.local> <45D4E881.8030905@citd.de> <45D56659.8E087F9D@users.sourceforge.net> <45D577A9.2010204@citd.de>
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